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OFFICE OF PUBLIC INFORMATION
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY, CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIFORNIA. TELEPHONE 354-5011
FOR RELEASE: SUNDAY, OCTOBER 31, 1971
Will the "wave of darkening" soon go the way of Martian
canals during the Mariner 9 orbital study of the red planet?
In 1969, Mars photographs from Mariners 6 and 7 showed
absolutely no traces of the canals which earlier astronomers
believed to be there. This year, another long-favored concept
--that a darkening wave seasonally sweeps across Mars--may be
proved or disproved in the 90-day study tour of Mariner 9.
The latest Mars spacecraft of the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration is due to arrive Nov. 13. Some 5,000
photographs and scientific experiments from as close as 750
miles should shed light on the darkening controversy.
Mariner project scientists themselves are divided on
the issue. No Earth-bound observer denies that there is a
darkening in spots, if not in a wave, on the face of Mars, but,
as one prominent astronomer recently advised Mariner investi-
gators, even these dark spots could be an optical illusion.
"The darkening may well be caused by changes in optical
geometry (how we look at the planet) rather than by anything
that's occurring on Mars," Dr. William Baum of Lowell Observa-
tory, Flagstaff, Ariz., told the scientists at a recent meeting
more
-2-
at Caltech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. JPL is managing the
Mariner Mars project for NASA.
Baum and Bradford Smith of New Mexico State Univer-
sity, Las Cruces, expressed doubt that there was a dark wave
which sweeps from each pole toward the Martian equator in each
hemisphere's spring. The view of Smith, a member of the Mariner
television team, is opposed by another TV investigator, Dr.
Gerard deVaucouleurs of the University of Texas.
Mariner 9 will arrive at Mars during the apparent peak
of the darkening period (late spring) in the southern hemi-
sphere. It should settle the question whether the darkening is
on the surface, in the atmosphere, or is indeed, an optical
illusion.
Historically, any astronomers observed the so-called
wave as a gradual spread across the face of the planet. Some
believed it to be vegetation.
However, since the 1969 Mariner flybys and subsequent
Earth-based observations, the darkening has been observed in
patches, not necessarily adjacent to each other. This has
given rise to another theory that dust storms whipped by high
winds cause the changes.
Whether or not Mars could have vegetation--seemingly
impossible in light of 1969 Mariner photographs--dark spots
might indicate the presence of ozone, Dr. Charles A. Barth,
University of Colorado physicist, suggests.
-more-
-3-
Dr. Barth heads the Mariner ultraviolet spectrometer
(UVS) team. The UVS instrument, one of two spectrometers aboard
Mariner 9, will identify gases, even molecules, ions and atoms,
in the Martian atmosphere. Barth also led the 1969 UVS group
which, through Mariner 6 and 7 experiments, found the Martian
atmosphere to be dominated (97 per cent) by carbon dioxide, with
apparently no nitrogen, and slight traces of ozone at the south
polar cap. Ozone is a gaseous form of oxygen.
The amount of Martian ozone measured in 1969 was only
1/100th of the ozone found in Earth's atmosphere, but those
readings were made in quick flybys. This time the orbiting
spacecraft will afford opportunity for study of two-thirds of
the planet and its surrounding atmosphere.
"If we can find ozone in the equatorial regions," Barth
says, "it could be an affirmative sign that some oxygen-produ-
cing plant or life form might be present."
The 1971 UVS instrument, about three times as sensi-
tive as its 1969 counterpart, detects molecular oxygen as well
as ozone. Biological activities generally produce molecular
oxygen and often ozone. Final determintion of any sort of life
on Mars, however, will depend on a future landed system.
Mariner's other spectrometer operates in the infrared
wavelengths and is called IRIS--an acronym for infrared inter-
ferometer spectrometer. The IRIS team is led by Dr. R. A.
Hanel of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
-more-
-4-
Basically, the UVS measures gases from the surface to
600 miles above the planet, the IRIS from the surface to 60
miles, but the instruments have overlapping capabilities.
The two instruments plus the two TV cameras--wide and
narrow angle--should provide much new knowledge of the Martian
clouds. From Earth and 1969 Mariner photographs, investigators
still are uncertain of the makeup of a huge W-shaped cloud and
yellow clouds--althrough the latter are generally believed to
be caused by dust storms.
Television experimenters, headed by Harold Masursky of
the U.S. Geological Surey, Flagstaff, will devote considerable
time to photographing the so-called variable features on the
surface and in the atmosphere of Mars. Their primary mission,
however, is to photograph and map some 70 per cent of the
planet.
###
10/15/71 BB
OFFICE OF PUBLIC INFORMATION
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY, CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIFORNIA. TELEPHONE 354-5011
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE February 2, 1972
Mariner 9 as inserted into Mars orbit on Nov. 13, 1971.
An orbit trim was performed two days later as planned to adjust
the point of closest approach to Mars (periapsis) toward the
middle of the view period of the 210-foot antenna at Goldstone,
California. The 210 is the only station capable of receiving a
high bit rate of 16,000 bits per second (bps) and centering
periapsis in the view period optimizes data return.
An unexpected gravitational anomaly caused by a bulge
at the equator of Mars affected the path of the spacecraft in
orbit causing the time of periapsis to begin shifting earlier
into the Goldstone view period.
To correct this, a second trim was performed on Decem-
ber 30. The trim also provided an adjustment necessitated by
the dust storm that covered the entire globe making it impos-
sible to begin mapping operations. Therefore the trim was also
designed to raise the periapsis point from 862 miles (1388
kilometers) to 1025 miles (1650 kilometers) to increase the area
coverage of the camera system and require fewer pictures for
mapping.
-more-
-2-
Towards the end of December the dust storm began to
lift and, beginning Jan. 2, a new mission plan was designed to
provide the mapping objective; three 20-day mapping cycles
covering 65?o\ South Latitude to 50?o\ North Latitude. At the
end of this period the 210-foot dish was scheduled to support
Apollo 16, and a high bit rate would not be available.
However, a slip of the launch of Apollo allows a
fourth 20-day cycle. A limited operation is planned for this
cycle in order to conserve attitude control gas, the limiting
factor in spacecraft lifetime. A high bit rate of 8,000 bps
could be maintained during this period if attitude control gas
were used to turn the spacecraft to point the high gain antenna
toward Earth. However, current planning is to accept a declin-
ing bit rate of 4,000 bps down to 2,000 bps without pointing.
The drop in bit rates is caused by the antenna beam shifting
away from Earth after end of the basic 90-day mission as the
relative position of Earth and Mars changes.
An option exists, however, to maneuver the spacecraft
and attain an 8,000 bps rate.
Beginning on April 2, and continuing until June 3, the
spacecraft will pass behind Mars on each orbit and be occulted
from the sun for up to 95 minutes. This will require operating
the spacecraft on battery power during the occultation periods
and recharging the battery after each occultation. The space-
craft will also be subjected to changes in temperatures.
more
-3-
During this period, therefore, the spacecraft will be
placed in a survival mode and no science will be transmitted.
Tracking and engineering data will be obtained on a limited
basis.
At the end of the sun occultation period, science data
will again be transmitted to Earth but on a reduced basis to
conserve attitude control gas. Data playback will require
maneuvering the spacecraft and will be limited to once per week.
The amount of playback time, and therefore the amount of science
data, will be determined by available battery power as the
spacecraft will be maneuvered off the sun line to point the
high-gain antenna at Earth.
It is planned to conduct a relativity experiment in
August and October when the spacecraft is on the opposite side
of the sun from Earth.
Mission operations will continue as long as the atti-
tude control gas lasts. Nominal end of the mission is Nov. 13,
1972.
As of January 31, the spacecraft has made 158 orbits
of Mars, transmitted 5,174 pictures to Earth, received 21,000
commands and has been operting for 246 days since launch.
###
1-31-72 # 609